B Lymphocytes Humoral Immunity And Provides Defense...

Introduction : B lymphocytes are the effectors of humoral immunity and provides defense against pathogens by producing antibody. B cells constitute approximately 15% of peripheral blood leukocytes and arise from progenitors and precursors in the bone marrow. B lymphocytes undergo random immunoglobulin variable gene rearrangements at the heavy and light chain loci. These chains pair with the IgÃŽ ± and IgÃŽ ² polypeptides to form the mature B-cell receptor which is then transported onto the cell surface where it can bind antigen and signal inside the cell. Different populations of B cells result in pre immune pools where each cell in these quiescent populations expresses a B cell antigen receptor with a unique specificity. The BCRs come in contact with their specific antigen and generate several intracellular signals are which leads activation, differentiation, and formation of plasma cells and memory B cells. This process mediates the response to subsequent antigen challenges. B lymphocytes play an essential role by not only producing antibodies but also functioning as antigen-presenting cells and certain B cells can also negatively regulate the immune response by producing regulatory cytokines and directly interacting with pathogenic T cells via cell to cell contact. Newly generated immature B cells are selected to enter the peripheral mature B-cell pool only if they do not bind to self-antigen. Immature B cells that bind to self antigen are not generally recruited to matureShow MoreRelatedThe Main Functions Of The Immune System907 Words   |  4 PagesDefending the host against pathogens and toxins is the major function of the immune system, a task essential to any organism. Composed primarily of individual cells rather than forming into organs, the cells of the immune system spread throughout the body. The immune system is able to distinguish its own molecules from foreign molecules. There a number of key stages involved an immune response; pathogen, recognition, activation and initiation, regulation, and the generation of immunological memoryRead MoreThe Immune System And Defense Responses Against The Disease Producing Organism984 Words   |  4 Pagescombination of defense responses against the disease-producing organism, called pathogens, which play a fundamental role in body s abilities to maintain its state of homeostasis. The resistance against the pathogens can be fighted thanks to two collaborative systems: nonspecific and specific resistance. Nonspecific resistance consists of defense mechanism that provides a protection response to a wide range scale of invaders. This includes nonspecific, mechanical barriers and defenses. Whereas, specificRead MoreCh. 43 Ap Biology807 Words   |  4 Pagesof nonspecific defense mechanisms with examples of each. †¢ External defense, which includes the skin and mucous membranes in the body. †¢ Internal defense which includes phagocytic cells and antimicrobial proteins. 2. What is meant by specific defense? Defense mechanisms are said to be specific because depending on which one they focus on one specific part of the body or a specific type of pathogen. 3. Give examples of â€Å"barrier defense.† An example of a barrier defense is the largestRead MoreHow the Immune System Works Essay1951 Words   |  8 PagesMost of the time nonspecific defenses keep pathogens from getting into the body. Sometimes one can break through and cause a disease. This is where the immune system comes into use. The immune system is the bodys third line of defense. It is a network of several tissues and white blood cells. The tissues of the immune system are bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and adenoids. The white blood cells of the immune system are called lymphocytes (Postlethwait Hopson, Modern Biology)Read MoreMalaria is an Infection Caused by a the Bite of a Mosquito1508 Words   |  6 PagesMalaria is a vector-borne, fever-producing disease caused by infection with one of four species of apicomplexan parasitic protozoa in the genus plasmodium. It is the most important arthropod-transmitted pathogen in the world today in terms of numbers of cases, deaths, and economic burden. Acquired from the bite of an infective Anopheles mosquito, malaria caused by plasmodium falciparum in which febrile paroxysms recur irregularly, is the most severe form of malaria. It has the highest levels of parasitesRead MoreStudy Guide Ch. 15, 16, 172169 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Exam 2 St udy Guide w/ Chapters 15, 16, 17 1) Innate Immunity (p.446): A defenses against pathogens that is present at birth. Two major lines of defense; 1. Physical : Skin (epidermis + dermis) and mucous membranes 2. Internal: Cell and chemicals that inactivate or kill invaders Adaptive immunity (p.446): The body’s ability to recognize and defend itself against distinct invaders and their products. 2) Five attributes of adaptive immunity (p.471) 1. Specificity: When the immune response actsRead MoreHerpes Simplex Virus ( Hsv )1921 Words   |  8 Pagesblindness and encephalitis. The HSV is a successful pathogen of humans as, following the primary lesions, it establishes a lifelong latent infection in the sensory neurons (Melchjorsen et al, 2009). The immune response against HSV involves both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. They both play pivotal role in mediating the immune responses and controlling viral pathogenesis. The first line of defence is comprised of components of innate immunity, such as various cytokines, natural killer (NK) cellsRead MoreThe First Vaccine Developed Using Reverse Vaccinology1371 Words   |  6 Pagesdistinct diplcoccus morphology. This bacteria is an obligate human bacterial pathogen that normally resides in the human nasopharynx making humans the only natural reservoir. It can also be transmitted from person to person by close contact such as kissing or the simple sharing of a beverage. In most cases the bacteria doesn’t infect the host and will rarely lead to an invasive disease but factors such as the lack of immune defenses can alter this pattern. Neisseria meningitidis is the cause of the majorityRead MoreHiv Pandemic : The Ongoing Human Immunodeficiency Virus5537 Words   |  23 Pagesinterrelated outcomes from the same disease until 1981 when clusters of young, homosexual men in New York City and Los Angeles began presenting with Pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma [2,3], illnesses most often associated with compromised immunity. The causative agent of this immunodeficiency, initially known as Human T-Lymphotropic Virus, type III, now known as HIV, was first discovered in 1983 by French and American scientists [4,5]. Since this discovery, an estimated 39 million people haveRead MoreThe Central And Peripheral B Cell Tolerance2686 Words   |  11 Pagescentral and peripheral B cell tolerance Introduction : B lymphocytes are the effectors of humoral immunity and provides defense against pathogens by producing antibody. B cells constitute approximately 15% of peripheral blood leukocytes and arise from progenitors and precursors in the bone marrow. B lymphocytes undergo random immunoglobulin variable gene rearrangements at the heavy and light chain loci. These chains pair with the IgÃŽ ± and IgÃŽ ² polypeptides to form the mature B-cell receptor which

Essay on My Family History - 750 Words

My Family History Family history is very important to an individual. By knowing where you come from, you can have a better perspective of your life. Having a clear understanding of your family background allows you to better appreciate the things that you would normally take for granted. The house, the car, and the average clothing may look better when one sees the sacrifices their family has made. They will see that their family has worked very hard just so their family can experience the better things in life. A persons roots and origin is one of the most important things to explore. It alone can bring you closer to self-discovery. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are two sides to a person’s family and one side of my family has†¦show more content†¦One of these is that on Thanksgiving everybody comes together to my parents’ house in New Jersey for a huge feast. On Christmas only my mother and the children (me and my brother) travel to Illinois to spend a week with my grandparents. On New Years Eve we all get together at my parents’ house in New Jersey and toast to the New Year with champagne and apple cider. During Labor Day weekend all of my family travels to South Jersey to my grandfathers’ condo. We usually spend all of our time on the beach and barbequing, except on Sunday when we go to church. After all, my grandfather is a minister. One of our biggest family traditions is going back to Puerto Rico. Every year my mother and I travel back to Puerto Rico for a portion of our summer vacation. Now that I am older I travel there more often and stay there much longer. My father never joins because he doesn’t like my mothers side of the father too much and he thinks that we when we speak Spanish we are all plotting against him. Of course that’s not true though. My bother doesn’t speak Spanish so he doesn’t like to go either. I guess that tradition is one that belongs solely to my mother and I. The role of the people in family basically stayed the same for most of the generations with a little change in the later generations. Earlier the males were the only ones that worked in the family and the wife stayed at home and took care of the house andShow MoreRelatedMy Life Of My Family History941 Words   |  4 PagesMy family history is a complicated one to say the least, however through this research I have learned more about them than I previously thought. Throughout the years I have spent many hours talking to both of my grandparents listening to their life journeys. My father’s mom Charlene had a rough childhood. She was born into complete poverty in the Central Valley in a town called Porterville, CA, as a field worker in during the depression. Her mother my great-grandmother was full blooded Cherokee IndianRead MoreMy Family History : Diabetes1152 Words   |  5 PagesAfter thorough research into my family history I’ve realized that my family has a history of developing diabetes. Also known as Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases that develop in the human body because of too much sugar in the blood system. There are different types of diabetes such as type one, type two, prediabetes, and gestational diabetes. Type-one diabetes is a chronic condition, in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Type-two diabetes is a chronic condition that affectsRead MoreTrace My Family History1303 Words   |  6 PagesI was able to trace my family history as far back as my Great grandparents on my mother’s side. I learned some very interesting and shocking facts about their lives and the struggles they had to endure. My Great grandparents adoptive my mother and twin sister at the age 2 because their parents were unable to care for them properly. They welcomed them with open arms and raised both of them as if they were their own. My Great grandfather was named James Allen Barnes, he was one of 5 sibling who wasRead MoreMy Family History - Essay1015 Words   |  5 PagesDouglas Douglas 1 2-6-12 My family history In all of us there is a hunger, marrow deep, to know our heritage - to know who we are and where we came from. Without this enriching knowledge, there is a hollow yearning. No matter what our attainments in life, there is still a vacuum, emptiness, and the most disquieting loneliness.† –Alex Haley This quote explained to me the importance of my grandparent’s legacy and their history. A long twisting family tree inspires one who does not knowRead MoreMy Family History : Pakistan1030 Words   |  5 Pageshave been growing up, I have noticed that my entire background has influenced in who I am. My family history, First of all, is present in my values, my personality because they were the first who teach me how to take my first steps in life. My culture makes me different and identifies me with my birthplace. I belong to a Muslim family having a Pakistani culture. The environment where I grew up was Islamabad, a capital city of Pakistan. All the parts of my background make the person that I am. PakistanRead MoreMy Family History Is Not The Truth Essay2347 Words   |  10 Pagesa new story, a second edition of the same history. It’s the same general story at heart but it’s not the truth. It is safe to say that all history is not the truth, surely some things have been changed. My family history is no exception. The real truth may not be known at all, but many things are known, enough for it to be reconstruct, to be restored piece by piece, memory by memory. According to my aunt Jill, who is very interested in history, the Livingston name goes back many centuriesRead MoreFictional Account: My Family History1415 Words   |  6 Pagesprospects for my family. My ancestors arrived in the United States with the hope of bettering themselves and taking advantage of the opportunities that the United States was said to hold. This made my family excited about coming to a new land, one where their future generations, with me included, would be able to progress and prosper. Upon arriving to the United States, my uncle Ben made the journey to the lands in the Far West. They were rumored to hold a great opportunity, and my uncle could notRead MoreMy Family Has No History Of Cancer872 Words   |  4 Pageswant to look at my personal strengths. It is easy to ring out the bad, but finding what strengths I got from my gene pool, I had to use my resources. Having a conversation with my mother, I realized that I have been pretty blessed. My family ha s no history of cancer. I was shocked when I thought about that. Cancer has effected millions and my whole family has been lucky this far. My family has also been blessed with longevity. My mother’s grandparents lived until their late eighties. My father’s grandparentsRead MoreInformation On My Family s History1448 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation on my family’s history, I spoke with my father, Lalji Patel over the phone. I choose to speak with him because he knows a great deal about my ancestors and has also experienced migration first hand. First, my father shared information to help me better understand who my ancestors were. My great-grandfather is Dayabhai Patel and he married my great-grandmother, Modhiben Patel at a young age. They had a son in 1941, Bhimjibhai Patel, who is my grandfather. My grandfather married my grandmotherRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Family History1441 Words   |  6 PagesI have always been mature for my age, growing up an onl y child kind of does that to you. I had to watch over my little cousins quite often and at that time in my life, I dreaded babysitting. The crying, the screaming, the tantrums; they annoyed me to no end. Olivia, being the youngest, would say, â€Å"your not the boss of me!† Umm, actually I am while your parents are away, so please just listen to what I ask of you. After two long years of babysitting, I had decided I really did not like kids, that

Aka Anta! Aka Anta Free Essays

She was beautiful to last. One day, when she was taking a stroll, she met a young prince who happened to pass by. The prince was very handsome. We will write a custom essay sample on Aka Anta! Aka Anta or any similar topic only for you Order Now When she first saw the prince she felt a strong sensation for him. So did the prince for her. They exchange pleasantries and search each other’s feelings out. Everyday from then on they would go out together, until one day the prince revealed his true feelings to the princess. So since the princess had long et her heart for the prince, she didn’t hesitate anymore and at once accepted his love for her. One afternoon after their usual walk together, the two engaged in a most intimate conversation under the sweet-scented plants kept by the princess. â€Å"Marring Magna†, how lovely your flowers are, but the flowers in our kingdom are far more beautiful and fragrant. None of those here could compare with them. † â€Å"Really? Tell me where your kingdom is? † â€Å"Yonder in those parts where no mortals can go. After a little while more, the prince bade goodbye with a sad look in his face. This prompted Marring Magna to ask the prince the reason why. â€Å"Well it’s because the prince couldn’t find the right words to explain himself. Well, because of what? What seems to be the trouble? † the princess kept skins, suspecting something was wrong. â€Å"l must return home, if not, I will not be able to return home to our kingdom anymore. I want very much to bring you along with me, but such is not permissible. Your kind is not allowed in our kingd om. Thus, farewell, my love. † â€Å"Come back tonight will wait for you here in the garden. Please, you’ll come back? ‘ â€Å"I’ll try, Marring Magna,† the prince promised. It was close to midnight when the prince came. He was greeted by the princess who waited for him inside the garden. They talked for hours and hours. Their conversation almost touched on every subject. All the time, the princess wrapped herself tightly around the arms of the prince, never letting go. Suddenly, the prince stood up and announced, â€Å"l must leave at once, Marring Magna! It’s about midnight. If don’t depart at once I won’t be able to return home. Stay put. But I want you to remember you’re the one love,† as he threw a gentle kiss on the petal lips of Marring Magna. The princess tried to stop the prince as she grabbed his arms with all her might. She could not bear the fact his lover would abandon her. While tugging at each other, suddenly the prince disappeared and left his arms behind held teen the palms of Marring Magna. The princess was shocked at this that she runs quickly to a corner of the garden and buried the arms. A few days after, there sprouted a strange plant on the spot where she buried the arms. It had wide leaves but no branches. A few days more, the tree shed flowers, everyday thereafter, she would visit the plant. Then a few days later, it bore fruits in the place of its flowers. The fruits came in bunches, each bunch looked like fingers set side by side and laid parallel to each other. These became known as the first banana fruits in the world. A very long time ago, in what is now the town of Cantina in Racial, there lived a woman named Jamaican who was well-known not only to the people of her native town but also to those of the neighboring towns. She was greatly admired for her beauty and wealth as she belonged to a rich family. But above all, she was very much loved and was highly respected by everyone for she possessed a king and generous heart. Charity was something inborn in her. Even as a little girl she would give kindly to each and every beggar who would pass by their house to ask for alms. She would also often go out of her way to invite the poor children in the trees to the house and let them play with her toys. As she grew up, she continued on with his charitable acts. It became a usual scene every Sunday morning when she came home after mass to see a long line of beggars, waiting for her at the foot of the stairs. With open hands and an understanding heart, she would see to it that their needs are attended to. She would personally hand in food, toys, clothes, money and the like according to what each of them would ask from her. Her goodness was very much appreciated by her town mates who made her more endeared to them. Unfortunately, Jamaican was not as lucky in love as most other beautiful omen her age were who got married and had children. She didn’t fall in love again when her first love got sick and died. She remained an old maid even after her parents have both died and was left alone in the house. Instead, she devoted her time and wealth caring for the needy. To openly express their gratitude and respect she truly deserves as would be fitting to one as elderly a woman she has come to be regarded, people began addressing her as â€Å"Aka Anta† – â€Å"Aka† woman and â€Å"Anta† which is short for Jamaican. Altogether, â€Å"Aka Anta† became more than just a name; the name itself became a symbol of â€Å"salvation to the needy†. One Christmas day, like all previous Christmas, many poor folks flocked to the home of Aka Anta for the usual yuletide giveaways. Short of their expectations, Aka Anta was not by the open window for the first time in years. They called out to her but there was no reply, nor did anyone come to the window. They tried altogether to call out to her several times, but again there was no response. Anxious and all that, a number of them decided to enter the house if anything was the matter. As the door opened, they see Aka Anta lying on the floor. Certain she was dead, the women began to scream, the men made the sign of the cross. There followed loud weeping as they affectionately cried out her name, â€Å"Aka Anta! Aka Anta†. The more they were moved to tears when they noticed the gifts lying on the floor Aka Anta had prepared for them. x How to cite Aka Anta! Aka Anta, Papers